Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics over the internet. This model allows individuals and organizations to access resources on-demand and pay only for what they use, eliminating the need for significant investments in physical infrastructure. It has reshaped IT infrastructure by enabling businesses of all sizes to leverage technology that was previously accessible only to larger corporations.

Fog computing is a method that emphasizes processing data closer to its source, rather than relying solely on remote data centers. By utilizing intermediate devices known as 'fog nodes' or 'gateways,' fog computing allows for rapid data analysis and decision-making, reducing latency and network congestion. This approach is particularly beneficial in scenarios where real-time data processing is crucial, such as in industrial IoT applications.

Edge computing focuses on processing data at the edge of the network, near the data source, instead of in centralized data centers. This method addresses challenges like latency and bandwidth bottlenecks, enabling faster response times and reducing network congestion. For example, in logistics, delivery drones can process data locally, allowing for immediate decision-making. This capability is valuable in various applications, including industrial automation and real-time analytics.